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International Laser Class Association

One Boat, One Sailor, One Design.

Class Rules

In this section you will find the ILCA Class Rules, covered in By-Law 1 of the ILCA Constitution.

You can either download the ILCA Class Rules as a pdf or browse the rules through this website, using the tabs below to navigate between sections of the guide.

• History contains information about changes to class rules.
• Part One explains the Fundamental Class Rule which covers the philosophy and any item not specifically written into the rules.
• Part Two tells you what you must do to have a Class legal boat. This includes the Measurement Diagrams .
• Part Three details a few optional changes and additions you can make.
• Part Four details options for the ILCA 6 (Radial) and the ILCA 4 (4.7) rigs
• Part Five explains what kind of approval is required to make changes to the Class Rules
• Interpretations list official interpretations of certain Class Rules

The principle of the ILCA Class Rules is that no changes to the boat are allowed unless they are specifically permitted by the class rules. The English text of the Class Rules shall govern.

The Class Rules below are valid from 21st August 2023. Cancels all previous rules and interpretations.

Note: The class rules published on this website are for convenient access. If there are any discrepancies between the rules shown here and the rules as published in the most recent Handbook of the International Laser Class Association, the text of the Handbook applies.

• Interpretations

HISTORY of Rule Changes:

21st August 2023:

Rule 3(d)x modified to remove photographs and 3(d)x.d) was added to allow replacement of certain specified parts.

13th February 2023:

Rule 24 modified to allow heat shrink tubing.

01 January 2020:

Definition of Builder modified to read: “A Builder is a manufacturer that is manufacturing the hull, equipment, fittings, spars, sails and battens in strict adherence to the Construction Manual, and has been approved as a Builder by each of World Sailing and the International Laser Class Association.”

Other class rules affected by this rule change were modified to be consistent with the amended definition of Builder.

01 January 2019:

Part One modified to clarify that all sails used in competition shall have an ILCA supplied sail button to be class legal. (previous interpretation.)

Rule 3(b)i modified to remove the restriction on the use of aramid fibre rope for control lines. (previous interpretation)

Rule 3(b)ii modified to allow for local variation in thickness of control lines that is not specifically restricted to tapering. (previous interpretation)

Rule 3(b)vi modified to enable clam cleats to include a through hole attachment point. (previous interpretation)

Rule 19(a) modified to clarify that mast step abrasion tubes or collars may be in separate pieces. (previous interpretation)

Rule 31 modified to shorten the rule voting process from six months to one month and removing “votes to be sent by post”.

01 January 2018:

Rule 22 Compasses, Electronic Equipment and Timing Devices modified to allow use of digital compasses that are not GPS enabled.

New Rule 28 Added to allow boat or body mounted cameras.

Rule 3(f)vi modifed to remove restriction on the attachment points of the shock cord inhaul.

Rule 17(c) modified to allow for the addition of one cleat and one turning point in the hiking strap support line that are not attached to the hull or hiking strap.

01 January 2016: 

Rule 4(f) National Letters: updated wording with instructions for positioning of letters on new MKII sail.

01 February 2015: 

Rule 3(h)i sentence added: A splice that does not extend through the nearest traveller eye may be used at the non-free end.

Rule 4 new rule added. 4(h) NATIONAL FLAG .  If required by the Notice of Race and the Sailing Instructions, a national flag with a nominal size of 567 x 337 mm shall be applied to both sides of the mainsail. For the Standard and Radial sails, flags shall be positioned such that the aft edge of the flag is within 100 and 150 mm of the leech and between the sail numbers and the batten pocket below the sail numbers. The flag shall be approximately parallel with the sail numbers and letters and shall not touch the numbers. For the 4.7 sail, the flag shall be positioned within 100 and 150 mm of the leech but below and within 50 mm of the bottom batten pocket. The flag shall be printed on separate material applied to the sail. The use of permanent ink pens or similar to make a national flag is forbidden. The national flag shall correspond to the national letters.

Rule 10 modified: Advertising, including competitor advertising, is permitted in accordance with World Sailing Regulation 20 – Advertising code; except that the sail window shall be kept free of advertising or other graphic material.

Rule 14(d) sentence added: Vertical cuts are allowed in the material to allow the material to conform to the shape of the centreboard case.

Rule 15 new rule added. 15(k): Padding of uniform thickness may be used in the gap between the rudder blade and rudder head. This padding must cover completely the part of the rudder blade that comes in contact with the rudder head. The thickness of the rudder blade plus the padding must not exceed 20.3mm.

Rule 18 new rule added. 18(c): Traveller and Boom mounted mainsheet blocks may be replaced with the “Builder Supplied” blocks shown in the photo.

Rule 26(c) modified: Preventative maintenance includes the replacement of fasteners (screws, bolts, nuts, washers and rivets) provided the replacement does not alter the function of the fitting. The tolerances of the Measurement Diagrams shall not be used to alter the position of fittings. In addition the reversing of spars is permitted if the fittings are replaced in accordance with the Measurement Diagrams. Any holes in the top section of the mast shall be permanently sealed with a rivet or similar to maintain the buoyancy of the mast.

23 April 2013: 

Fundamental Rule modified: Clarification that Lasers shall be built by World Sailing and ILCA approved manufacturers in adherence to the Construction Manual.

Definition of Builder modified: Modified to conform to current agreements with World Sailing.

1 January 2012:

Rule 3(c)i modified: The mainsheet shall be a single line, and be attached to the becket of the aft boom block, and then passed through the traveller block, the aft boom block, boom eye strap, forward boom block and the mainsheet block. After the mainsheet block it shall be knotted, or tied, so that the end of the mainsheet cannot pull through the mainsheet block. The mainsheet shall not be controlled aft of the forward boom block except to facilitate a tack or gybe.

Rule 3(c)ii modified: The tail of the mainsheet may also be knotted or tied to either the base of the mainsheet block, the hiking strap, the hiking strap support line, or the hiking strap shock cord. This option, if used, satisfies the knotting requirement in 3(c)i.

Rule 22 modified: Compass, Electronic Equipment and Timing Devices

• One compass is permitted mounted on any part of the deck or the cockpit, provided that the hull cavity is not pierced by anything other than the fasteners. Compasses shall not be fitted to inspection ports. Electronic and digital compasses are prohibited (see exception in part d).
• Any use of electronic equipment not specifically allowed in the rules is prohibited unless modified in the sailing instructions.
• Timing devices are permitted.
• A timing device that includes an electronic compass is permitted as long as it is worn on the wrist.

Rule 14(f) modified: A tie line or shock cord shall be attached to the small hole in the upper forward corner of the centreboard, and any of the bow eye, the cunningham fairlead, the “Builder Supplied” deck block fitting and the mast to prevent loss of the centreboard in event of a capsize. The tie line or shock cord may be looped around the bow, but shall not be attached to the gunwale. Attachment can be by knots or loops in the shock cord, and/or tie lines, shackles, clips, hooks or eyes. When the shock cord is attached to the bow eye it may also pass through an attachment to the “Builder Supplied” deck block fitting or the cunningham fairlead.

Rule 28 and Rule 29 modified: For the purposes of RRS 43.1(b) the maximum total weight of competitors clothing and equipment shall be 9Kg for Radial and 8Kg for 4.7

1 January 2011:

Rule 3(e)ii modified: The cunningham control line shall be securely attached to any of the mast, gooseneck, mast tang, swivel or shackle that may be used to attach the vang cleat block to the mast tang, the cunningham attachment point on the “Builder Supplied” vang cleating fitting or the becket of an optional becket block fixed on the cunningham attachment point on the “Builder Supplied” vang. Rule 3(f)vi modified: A shock cord for use as an inhaul may be attached between the outhaul cleat and clew of the sail, the clew tie down, the optional block at the clew, the quick release system or through the clew of the sail and to an optional block in the primary control line.

Sentence added to Rule 3(g)i: An additional outhaul extension tie line may be added between the clew of the sail and the outhaul or the quick release system.

Rule 21 modified: Clips, ties or bags to stow or secure safety or other equipment may be used on the deck, in the cockpit, around the mast or boom.

Rule 24 modified: Tape and Line. The use of flexible adhesive tape or similar or line is permitted to secure shackle pins and clips, and to bind sheets, control lines and rigging, except that tape or line shall not be used to construct new fittings or modify the function of existing fittings.

New Rule 27: The sail may be reefed by rolling the sail around the mast 1 or 2 times.

The boat is a strict one-design dinghy where the true test, when raced, is between helmspersons and not boats and equipment.

Fundamental Rule

The boat shall be raced in accordance with these Rules, with only the hull, equipment, fittings, spars, sail and battens manufactured by a World Sailing and International Laser Class Association (ILCA) approved builder in strict adherence to the design specification (known as the Construction Manual) which is registered with World Sailing.

No addition or alteration may be made to the hull form, construction, equipment, type of equipment, placing of equipment, fittings, type of fittings, placing of fittings, spars, sail and battens as supplied by the builder except when such an alteration or change is specifically authorised by Parts 2 or 3 of these Rules.

Hull Identification

All boats shall have an identification number moulded into the deck under the bow eye or into the transom, which shall be either the sail number or a unique production number.

Boats with sail numbers from 148200 shall display a unique World Sailing Building Plaque that has been purchased by the builder from the International Laser Class Association. The plaque shall display the sail number of the boat issued by the International Laser Class Association and shall be permanently fixed in the rear of the cockpit by the builder.

Sail Identification

Sails manufactured after 1 January 2001 shall have attached near the tack of the sail an ILCA authorized sailmaker button purchased from the International Laser Class Association. Standard MKII sails shall have orange buttons and Radial, 4.7 and Standard MKI (cross-cut) sails shall have red buttons.

Definition of Builder

A Builder is a manufacturer that is manufacturing the hull, equipment, fittings, spars, sails and battens in strict adherence to the Construction Manual, and has been approved as a Builder by each of World Sailing and the International Laser Class Association.

1. Measurement Diagrams The Measurement Diagrams are part of these Rules.

The spars, sails, battens, centreboard, rudder, and the placing of fittings and equipment shall conform to the Measurement Diagrams . The measurement tolerances are intended to allow for necessary manufacturing tolerances and shall not be used to alter the design.

2. Measurement In the case of a dispute alleging non-compliance with the Construction Manual, the matter, together with any relevant information, shall be referred to the Chief Measurer of the International Laser Class Association at the International Office who shall give a final ruling in consultation with a World Sailing Technical Officer.

In the case of a measurement dispute on the hull, spars, sail, battens, centreboard and rudder, rigging, type of fittings and equipment and the placing of same not explicitly covered by these Rules, Measurement Diagrams and Measurement By-Laws the following procedure shall be adopted:

A sample of 10 other boats shall be taken and measured using identical techniques. The dimensions of the disputed boat shall be equal to, or between the maximum and minimum dimensions obtained from these 10 boats. If the boat in question is outside these dimensions the matter, together with any relevant information, shall be referred to the Chief Measurer of the International Laser Class Association at the International Office, who shall give a final ruling. If any of the dimensions of the sample are considered to be unusual, all relevant information shall be referred by the Class Association to World Sailing.

3. Control Systems, Control Lines and Fittings

• The Cunningham, outhaul, vang, traveller and mainsheet are the Control Line Systems. The cunningham, outhaul and vang Control Line Systems may include more than one Control Line as allowed in Rules 3(d)i, 3(e)i and 3(f)i.Each Control Line shall be a single piece of uniform thickness and material. A line is a Control Line if any of the line moves along its axis during adjustment of the Control Line System. A line that exclusively attaches items together is a Tie Line.
• For the purpose of these definitions, the Standard Fittings are the: Plastic cunningham fairlead Plastic cunningham clam cleat Mainsheet block Plastic outhaul clam cleat Plastic outhaul fairlead Vang cleat block Vang key block Vang key Plastic traveller fairleads Plastic traveller clam cleat
• An “Optional” fitting is a fitting or block that replaces, or is additional to, a Standard Fitting as allowed by these Rules.
• A “Builder Supplied” fitting replaces a Standard Fitting, and is supplied only by the Builder, as allowed by these Rules.
• A “Turning Point” is a sheave (pulley) in a block, a rope loop, a rope loop reinforced with a thimble, the outhaul fairlead, a shackle, part of a fitting, sail cringle, mast or boom around which a moving Control Line passes, except that the cunningham fairlead, the “Optional” blocks attached to the “Builder Supplied” deck block fitting, the cunningham clam cleat, and the “Optional” cam cleats attached to the “Builder Supplied” deck cleat base will not be counted as “Turning Points” in Rules 3(e)i and 3(f)i.
• When an “Optional” block, or shock cord is attached to a fitting, line, mast, boom or the sail, it may be attached either with or without a shackle, clips, balls, hooks and/or a tie line.
• Control lines shall be natural or synthetic rope.
• In a control line system where more than one control line is permitted, lines of different diameter shall not be joined together.
• “Optional” blocks allowed in cunningham, vang or outhaul control systems, shall have sheaves of diameter not less than 15 mm and not more than 30 mm. Thimbles allowed to reinforce rope loops used as “Turning Points” in the cunningham, vang and outhaul control line systems shall not exceed 40mm in length.
• Only single or double “Optional” blocks shall be used. A single block means a block with one sheave; a double block means a block with two sheaves. “Optional” blocks may include a becket, a swivel and/or a shackle.
• The plastic cunningham fairlead may be replaced with one of the same type which has a stainless steel insert, and has the same screw hole positions.
• The “Optional” deck blocks may be supported with a spring, ball, plastic tube or tape.
• Control lines shall not be tied to any of the cunningham fairlead, the “Builder Supplied” deck block fitting and the “Optional” blocks attached to it, the cunningham clam cleat or the “Builder Supplied” deck cleat base and the “Optional” cam cleats, cleat bridge and fairleads attached to it.
• Rope loop handles covered with plastic/rubber tube and/or tape may be included anywhere on the free end of a control line.
• The free ends of different control lines (except mainsheet) may be tied together and/or tied to any deck fitting or the centreboard, the centreboard handle or a rope loop used to attach a retaining line. Free ends of control lines shall not be tied to shock cord (except mainsheet).
• To secure the mast in the event of a capsize, a loose retention line or shock cord (that will allow 180 degree plus mast rotation) shall be tied/ attached between the cunningham fairlead or the deck block fitting and the mast tang or gooseneck. Clips, hooks, shackles and balls may be used to attach the retention line.
• Reference points (marks) may be placed on the deck, spars and ropes.
• The mainsheet shall be a single line, and be attached to the becket of the aft boom block, and then passed through the traveller block, the aft boom block, boom eye strap, forward boom block and the mainsheet block. After the mainsheet block it shall be knotted, or tied, so that the end of the mainsheet cannot pull through the mainsheet block. The mainsheet shall not be controlled aft of the forward boom block except to facilitate a tack or gybe.
• The tail of the mainsheet may also be knotted or tied to either the base of the mainsheet block, the hiking strap, the hiking strap support line, or the hiking strap shock cord. This option, if used, satisfies the knotting requirement in 3(c)i.
• The mainsheet block may be replaced by any type of single block with or without an internal or attached jamming device, and mounted in the position shown on the measurement diagram. The block may be supported by a spring, ball, plastic tube or tape.
• One mainsheet clam or cam cleat of any type may be mounted on each side deck in the position shown on the measurement diagram.
• The vang system shall be between the mast tang and the boom key fitting and shall be comprised of the vang cleat block, the vang key block, a maximum of two control lines, loops and/or “Optional” blocks for additional purchase with a maximum of 7 “Turning Points”.
• The vang cleat block shall be attached directly to the mast tang, or to an “Optional” swivel that shall be attached to the mast tang.
• A shackle may be used to attach the vang cleat block or the swivel to the mast tang.
• The swivel, shackle or swivel/shackle combination shall not exceed 80 mm in length when measured under tension.
• The vang key block may be fitted with a spare key.
• The key may be straight or bent, and it may be held in the key way with either tape, elastic or velcro.
• The vang key block may be replaced with an “Optional” vang key block which may have a spare key.
• “Optional” single blocks may be attached to one or both sides of the vang cleat block, using a clevis pin or bolt through the attachment hole in the vang cleat block.
• The mast tang hole may be drilled to take a larger pin.
• The Vang cleating fitting may be replaced with a “builder supplied” vang cleating fitting which incorporates “turning points” and a cam cleat.
• The fitting shall be attached directly to the mast tang.
• The fitting shall not be modified in any way except as permitted in (d)
• Fairleads, cleats, attachment pins & rings may be replaced with parts of equivalent shape, size, weight, and function.
• The cunningham system shall consist of a maximum three control lines, “Optional” blocks or loops for purchase with a maximum of 5 “Turning Points”.
• The cunningham control line shall be securely attached to any of the mast, gooseneck, mast tang, swivel or shackle that may be used to attach the vang cleat block to the mast tang, the cunningham attachment point on the “Builder Supplied” vang cleating fitting, or the becket of an optional becket block fixed on the cunningham attachment point on the “Builder Supplied” vang. The cunningham control line shall pass through the sail tack cringle as a moving line. The sail tack cringle shall be at least one of the maximum of 5 “Turning Points” permitted by Rule 3(e)i.
• Additional purchases may be obtained using rope loops, “Optional” blocks and using any of the boom, sail tack cringle, gooseneck fitting, mast tang, shackle attaching vang cleat block or swivel, the swivel, or the cunningham attachment point on a “Builder Supplied” vang cleating fitting.
• Deck Block Fitting and Deck Cleat Base The cunningham control line shall pass only once through the cunningham fairlead or “Optional”single block attached to the “Builder Supplied”deck block fitting and shall pass only once through the cunningham clam cleat or “Optional” cam cleat attached to the “Builder Supplied” deck cleat base.
• The outhaul system shall consist of a maximum of two control lines, “Optional” blocks or loops for purchase and a maximum of 6 “TurningPoints”.
• The outhaul control line shall be attached to either the end of the boom, the outhaul fairlead, the sail, or a quick release system, and shall pass through the boom outhaul fairlead as a moving line at least once. The outhaul fairlead shall be at least one of the maximum of 6 “Turning Points” permitted by Rule 3(f)i.
• Additional purchases may be obtained by forming rope loops in the line or adding “Optional” blocks to the line, and/or using the outhaul fairlead,the outhaul clam cleat, the boom, the mast or gooseneck fitting. An “Optional’ block may be attached to the outhaul fairlead, provided Rule 3(f)ii is also satisfied. An “Optional” block may be attached to the outhaul clam cleat.
• An “Optional” block may be attached to the clew of the sail, or to a quick release system, or be part of a quick release system.
• One or two “Optional” blocks may be attached to the gooseneck fitting, or at the mast/gooseneck junction with their “Turning Points” not more than100mm from the center of the gooseneck bolt (the gooseneck may be inverted). The blocks in this rule may also be attached to the gooseneck with a bolt or a pin.
• A shock cord may be used as an inhaul on the clew.
• Shock cord and/or rope loops (rope loops maybe part of the control line) can be tied around the boom and/or the outhaul control lines to retain the outhaul lines close to the boom.
• When led to the deck, the outhaul control line shall pass only once through the cunningham fairlead or the outhaul “Optional” single block attached to the “Builder Supplied” deck block fitting and shall pass only once through the “Optional” cam cleat attached to the “Builder Supplied” deck cleat base.
• The boom outhaul clam cleat shall not be removed.
• If the clew tie down is a tie line, it may be passed through solid balls with holes and/or tubes to reduce friction.
• The traveller shall be a single line. It shall be rigged as a simple closed loop through the traveller eyes and the free end passing through the traveller cleat. A splice that does not extend through the nearest traveller eye may be used at the non-free end.
• A spring, ball or tape may be used between the traveller blocks.

4. Sail Registration Numbers, National Letters and National Flag (For Radial and 4.7 sail number positions please see part 4 rule 29(e) and 30(e).)

• For boats up to sail number 148199, the sail number is a number moulded into the deck under the bow eye or into the transom, or displayed on a plate attached to the rear of the cockpit. For boats with sail numbers from 148200, the sail number is the number displayed on a unique World Sailing Building Plaque attached to the rear of the cockpit.
• All numbers shall be in accordance with the Racing Rules of Sailing except as amended by these rules in respect of type, positioning and minimum dimensions: Height 300 mm. Width 200 mm (excluding digit 1). Thickness 45 mm. Space between adjoining numbers minimum 50 mm. Sail numbers shall be regularly spaced. Numbers on the starboard side shall be placed above those on the port side. Each sail number digit shall be of one colour only. The sail numbers shall be solid and easy to read. After 1st March 1998 – sail numbers and national letters shall only be adhesive numbers. The use of permanent ink pens or similar to mark numbers and national letters on the sail is prohibited.
• For sails with numbers above 153000 and sails purchased after 1st June 1993 the sail numbers shall be glued or sewn on each side of the sail, with the bottom of the numbers on the starboard side of the sail placed along a line parallel to and 400 mm (+ or – 12 mm) below the seam at the middle batten pocket. The bottom of the numbers on the port side of the sail shall be placed on a line 400 mm (+ or – 12 mm) below and parallel to the bottom of the numbers on the starboard side of the sail. The starboard sail numbers shall commence 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech and the port side numbers shall end 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech. (Refer to sail number application diagram on pages 25-28 of the Handbook for procedure for applying sail numbers & letters).
• Sail numbers from 131000, sails purchased after 1st June 1993 and new sails stamped “New Numbers” shall have numbers that are clearly visible with the last four digits of the number in one dark, distinctive colour or black and any preceding numbers in a different, contrasting, distinctive colour (red is recommended).
• when the hull and/or sail are provided by the organisers for an event and after approval of the International Laser Class Association, the numbers on the sail used for that event only may be single, double or triple digit numbers.
• in the case of a boat borrowed or chartered for a specific event, and after written approval from the Race Committee, a competitor may use a sail with numbers that are different to the sail number allocated to the hull. The sail number used shall be the sail number allocated to the competitor’s own boat. When the competitor does not own a boat, the number used on the sail shall be the number of the boat chartered.
• when a sail is damaged during a series and Rule 7(c) applies the sail number may contravene Rules 4(a) and (e)ii only when written permission for a sail number change is given by the Race Committee.
• National Letters, if required, shall conform to the same type, size, spacing and requirements as sail numbers (refer rule 4(b), (c), (d) and (e)) and shall be positioned as follows (also see diagrams on pages 25-28 of the Handbook): The letters on the starboard side of the MKI sail shall be placed along the top edge of the seam below the bottom batten pocket (+ or -12 mm) for MKII sail on a Base Line 400mm (+ or 12mm) below the bottom batten pocket and on the port side of the sail along a line 400 mm (+ or – 12 mm) below and parallel to the letters on the starboard side. The starboard letters shall commence 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech and the port letters shall finish 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech. The letters shall all be the same colour, which may be one of the colours of the digits of the sail number, or another distinctive colour. National Letters shall be required at all World Championships, Regional Championships and events described as international events in the notice of race or sailing instructions. National Letters may be required at any other regatta by the notice of race or sailing instructions.
• World or regional (continental) championships.
• Events described as “international events” by the Notice of Race or Sailing Instructions.
• Other events that prescribe in the Notice of Race or Sailing Instructions that women competitors should be identified.
• The minimum size and approximate position shall comply with diagram “ Red Rhombus “.
• The rhombus may be retained for racing in other events.
• NATIONAL FLAG If required by the Notice of Race and the Sailing Instructions, a national flag with a nominal size of 567 x 337 mm shall be applied to both sides of the mainsail. For the Standard and Radial sails, flags shall be positioned such that the aft edge of the flag is within 100 and 150 mm of the leech and between the sail numbers and the batten pocket below the sail numbers. The flag shall be approximately parallel with the sail numbers and letters and shall not touch the numbers. For the 4.7 sail, the flag shall be positioned within 100 and 150 mm of the leech but below and within 50 mm of the bottom batten pocket. The flag shall be printed on separate material applied to the sail. The use of permanent ink pens or similar to make a national flag is forbidden. The national flag shall correspond to the national letters.

5. Mast No mast which has a permanent bend shall be used at any time.

6. Clothing and Equipment

• In alteration of RRS 50.1 (b) the maximum total weight of competitors’ clothing and equipment shall be 9 kg (for Radial and 4.7 rigs please see part 4).
• Competitors shall not wear or carry non floating clothing or equipment which in total weight exceeds 500 grammes dead weight except protective sailing clothing.
• For the purposes of weighing clothing and equipment as required by RRS Appendix H three coat hangers may be used instead of a rack.

7. Sailing Requirements

• The boat shall be raced with either one or two persons aboard. When two persons race on one boat they shall race together throughout the entire race or series of races without alternating at the helm.
• No part of the helmsman or crew may be placed forward of the mast while racing.
• Sails In a series of races a sail shall not be changed for another unless written permission for an individual change is obtained from the race committee. Written permission shall only be given in the event of a sail damaged beyond repair or damaged to the extent that it cannot be repaired before the start of the next race in a series. In the event of a change the damaged sail shall not be used again in that series even if it is subsequently repaired. For the purpose of this rule, a series is deemed to be two or more individual races which count towards an overall points total.

8. Hull Coating The use of slowly soluble applications which might alter the boundary layer characteristics of the hull are prohibited.

9. Class Association Membership No person is permitted to race in any Fleet, interFleet, District, or other sanctioned event unless at least one member of the crew is a current member of the International Laser Class Association (a member of a District Laser Association duly established in accordance with the Constitution is a member of the International Laser Class Association).

10. Advertising Advertising, including competitor advertising, is permitted in accordance with World Sailing Regulation 20 – Advertising code; except that the sail window shall be kept free of advertising or other graphic material.

[ Note: Information about World Sailing Regulation 20 is available through the World Sailing Website:  http://www.sailing.org/documents/regulations/regulations.php ]

11. Hull Finish

• Waxing, polishing and fine wet and dry sanding of the hull is permitted, provided the intention and effect is to polish the hull only. Polishing/sanding shall not be used to remove mould imperfections.
• Sanding and refinishing of the hull with the intention or effect to lighten the hull or improve the performance, finish, materials or shape beyond the original is not permitted.

12. Transom Drain Plug A retaining line may be attached to the transom drain bung and the gudgeon.

13. Self Bailer A self-bailing device as supplied only by the builder may be added. The bailer may be sealed with tape, filler or glue along its edge where it joins the hull and at the screw hole. Filling the screw hole level with the flat surface of the bailer is permitted. Fairing the flat surface of the bailer to the hull shape or changing the profile of the bailer is not permitted. The drain bung may be removed from the self-bailer, and the self bailer opening pin may be secured to the cockpit floor with self adhesive plastic tape. The builder-supplied o-rings may be substituted with non builder-supplied alternatives provided the basic function of the bailer is unchanged.

14. Centreboard

• A rope handle passing through not more than two holes of maximum diameter 12.5 mm above a line drawn from the bottom of the centreboard stop, parallel to the top of the centreboard is permitted. A plastic/rubber tube and/or tape are permitted on the handle of the centreboard.
• The trailing edge of the centreboard may be sharpened by sanding the blade between the trailing edge and a line 100 mm parallel to the trailing edge, provided the distance between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the blade is not reduced.
• Surface refinishing of the centreboard is permitted provided the original shape, thickness and characteristics are not altered.
• One layer of any material of maximum 2mm thickness and of a maximum size of 30mm x 30mm may be applied at the top front corner of the centreboard case. Vertical cuts are allowed in the material to allow the material to conform to the shape of the centreboard case.
• A wood centreboard shall not be used on a hull that was originally supplied with a non wood centreboard.
• A tie line or shock cord shall be attached to the small hole in the upper forward corner of the centreboard, and any of the bow eye, the cunningham fairlead, the “Builder Supplied” deck block fitting and the mast to prevent loss of the centreboard in event of a capsize. The tie line or shock cord may be looped around the bow, but shall not be attached to the gunwale. Attachment can be by knots or loops in the shock cord, and/or tie lines, shackles, clips, hooks or eyes. When the shock cord is attached to the bow eye it may also pass through an attachment to the “Builder Supplied” deck block fitting or the cunningham fairlead.
• The components of the “Builder Supplied” centreboard stopper may be secured together by glue, screws, bolts, nuts and washers, provided the original shape and dimensions are not reduced.
• The trailing edge of the rudder blade may be sharpened by sanding the blade between the trailing edge and a line 60 mm parallel to the trailing edge, provided the distance between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the blade is not reduced.
• Surface refinishing of the rudder blade is permitted provided that the original shape, thickness and characteristics are not altered.
• The rudder blade and/or rudder head holes may be enlarged up to a maximum diameter of 10mm. The rudder bolt and bush set may be replaced with a larger diameter bolt to fit this hole. The bolt head, nut and washers shall fall within a 20mm diameter circle.
• To achieve the maximum 78 degree rudder angle relative to the bottom edge of the rudder head, the leading edge of the blade may be cut away where it touches the spacing pin.
• To restrict the rudder angle to maximum 78 degrees relative to the bottom edge of the rudder head, the lower forward spacing pin may be wound with flexible adhesive tape.
• The rudder pintles may be fitted with spacers to lift the rudder head to allow the tiller to clear the deck at the transom.
• The rudder downhaul line may have multiple purchases.
• A hole may be drilled in the top rudder pintle and a pin or clip inserted in the hole to prevent loss of the rudder.
• A wood rudder shall not be used on a hull that was originally supplied with a non wood rudder.
• The rudder shall be maintained in the full down position except whilst racing in water less than 1.5m deep unless otherwise specified in the sailing instructions.
• Padding of uniform thickness may be used in the gap between the rudder blade and rudder head. This padding must cover completely the part of the rudder blade that comes in contact with the rudder head. The thickness of the rudder blade plus the padding must not exceed 20.3mm.
• shall be capable of being removed from the rudder head.
• shall be fitted with a cleat, hook, pin or eye to secure the downhaul.
• shall, except for normal wear caused by the traveller rope, be straight along its topmost edge between a point 30 mm in front of the forward edge of the rudder head and the cockpit end of the tiller.
• The tiller may be fitted with an “anti wear” strip or tube of not more than 200 mm in length placed above the level of the straight edge required by 16 (a) iii and only where the traveller crosses the tiller.
• The use of a tiller retaining pin is optional.

17. Hiking Strap

• The hiking strap may be substituted with any type of non-stretch material and it may be padded.
• The hiking strap may be fixed to the cockpit at the forward end by wrapping the strap around the mainsheet block plastic pressure plate or by using both the centreboard friction attachment plate and the mainsheet block plastic pressure plate.
• The hiking strap supporting line between the aft end of the hiking strap and the eye straps on the aft face of the cockpit may be rigged in any manner so that the hiking strap is fixed or adjustable and may include one cleat; one ring, thimble, or shackle; or both.
• A shock cord may be attached between the aft end of the hiking strap and to either the traveller cleat, or the hiking strap eye straps at the aft end of the cockpit.
• A metal sleeve supplied by the builder of maximum length 900 mm may be fixed inside the boom. The sleeve shall not extend aft of the point 1220 mm from the front end of the boom (including plug).
• To prevent abrasion of the mast step, tubes or collars of uniform thickness not exceeding 1mm in total may be placed around the entire circumference of the lower mast or the mast step cavity. A tube or collar shall not extend more than 10 mm above deck level. In addition, a disc of uniform thickness not exceeding 1mm in thickness may be placed in the bottom of the mast step.
• The mast or mast cavity may be lubricated.
• Tape or other bushing material may be applied to both the plastic end cap, the collar of the upper mast and the upper mast to ensure a snug fit. The tape or bushing material may only be used on that portion of the plastic parts that actually slide into the lower section and/or between the upper mast and the collar and it shall be a uniform thickness around the circumference. Taping or bushing material above the collar to fair the collar into the mast is prohibited.
• Flexible adhesive tape may be applied to the outside of the joint of the upper and lower mast sections to a limit of 40mm above and below the joint to prevent rotation of the mast sections at the joint.

20. Inspection Ports Inspection ports not exceeding 153 mm internal diameter may be installed on the deck or in the cockpit to provide access to the hull cavity, provided that any inspection port is fitted with watertight threaded covers (any bayonet mounted parts are deemed to be not threaded). Storage receptacles are permitted underneath hatch covers.

21. Clips and Storage Bags Clips, ties or bags to stow or secure safety or other equipment may be used on the deck, in the cockpit, around the mast or boom.

22. Compass, Electronic Equipment and Timing Devices

• One compass mounted on any part of the deck or the cockpit is permitted if the hull cavity is not pierced by anything other than the fasteners. Compasses may not be fitted to inspection ports. An additional wrist mounted compass is permitted. Electronic, self-contained, digital compasses using only magnetic input are permitted.
• A timing device and electronic compass may be integrated in the same device.
• A compass or timing device must not be capable of displaying, delivering, transmitting, receiving, calculating, correlating or storing information about wind speed, wind direction, boat speed or boat position.
• Any use of electronic equipment not specifically allowed in the rules is prohibited unless the rules are modified by the sailing instructions.

23. Wind Indicators

• Wind indicators may be attached as desired provided the sail is not cut and the buoyancy qualities of the hull and mast are not impaired.
• Ribbons, wool or similar wind indicators may be attached to the sail.

24. Tape and Line

The use of flexible adhesive tape or similar, line or heat shrink tube is permitted to secure shackle pins and clips, and to bind sheets, control lines and rigging, except that tape or line shall not be used to construct new fittings or modify the function of existing fittings.

25. Safety Equipment Any additional equipment required by an international, national or other governing authority for safety purposes may be fitted or carried provided it is not used in contravention of the FUNDAMENTAL RULE.

26. Repairs and Maintenance

• Repairs and preventative maintenance to the sail, hull, deck, centreboard, rudder, mast, boom or any fittings and fixings may be carried out without violation of these Rules provided such repairs are made in such a way that the essential shape, characteristics or function of the original are not affected.
• In the event of the failure of any fittings, or the replacement of fittings as authorised by these Rules, the fitting or the replacement shall be the same type as the original and shall be placed in a position conforming to the Measurement Diagrams .
• Preventative maintenance includes the replacement of fasteners (screws, bolts, nuts, washers and rivets) provided the replacement does not alter the function of the fitting. The tolerances of the Measurement Diagrams shall not be used to alter the position of fittings. In addition the reversing of spars is permitted if the fittings are replaced in accordance with the Measurement Diagrams. Any holes in the top section of the mast shall be permanently sealed with a rivet or similar to maintain the buoyancy of the mast.
• Sail panels and luff sleeves shall not be replaced.
• Any flotation equipment (flotation foam blocks or Cubitainer inserts) that is defective or has been removed shall be replaced by fully air filled, builder supplied, Cubitainer inserts which shall have an equal volume to the defective or removed flotation equipment.
• The use of lubricants is unrestricted except that they shall not be used on the hull (below the gunwales).

27. Reefing The sail may be reefed by rolling the sail around the mast 1 or 2 times.

28. Camera One camera may be attached to the sailor or may be mounted on the boat if the hull cavity is not pierced by anything other than the fasteners.

29. Radial Rig

• The Radial sail and bottom mast as supplied by an approved Builder shall conform to the Measurement Diagrams which form part of these Rules.
• The Radial rig may be used in any class regatta subject to the conditions in 29 (c) and any restrictions in the Notice of Race and Sailing Instructions.
• The Radial rig may only be used in District Championships and higher level regattas when prescribed in the Notice of Race and Sailing Instructions.
• In a series of races a Radial rig shall not be changed for a Standard or 4.7 rig. A series is 2 or more races that count towards an overall points total.
• SAIL REGISTRATION NUMBERS & NATIONAL LETTERS Rules 4(c) and (f) shall be amended to read as follows:4(c) For sails with numbers above 153000 and sails purchased after 1st June 1993 the sail numbers shall be glued or sewn on each side of the sail, with the bottom of the numbers on the starboard side of the sail placed along a line parallel to and 400 mm (+ or – 12 mm) below the underside of the middle batten pocket. The bottom of the numbers on the port side of the sail shall be placed on a line 400 mm (+ or – 12 mm) below and parallel to the bottom of the numbers on the starboard side of the sail. The starboard sail numbers shall commence 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech and the port side numbers shall finish 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech. (Refer to sail number application diagram for procedure for applying numbers & letters). 4(f) National Letters, if required, shall conform to the same type, size, spacing and requirements as sail numbers (refer rule 4(b), (c), (d) and (e)) and shall be positioned as follows (also see diagram):The top of the letters on the starboard side of the sail shall be placed on the bottom edge of the bottom batten pocket and its extension (+ 12 mm). The starboard letters shall commence 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech. The bottom of the letters on the port side shall be placed on a line 400 mm (+ or – 12 mm) below and parallel to the bottom of the letters on the starboard side of the sail. The port letters shall finish 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech. The letters shall all be the same colour, which may be one of the colours of the digits of the sail number, or another distinctive colour.National Letters shall be required at all World Championships, Regional Championships and events described as international events in the notice of race or sailing instructions. National Letters may be required at any other regatta by the notice of race or sailing instructions.
• CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT Rule 6(a) shall be amended to read as follows: 6(a) For the purposes of RRS 50.1 (b) the maximum total weight of competitors clothing and equipment shall be 9 kg.

30. 4.7 Rig

• The 4.7 sail and bottom mast as supplied by an approved Builder shall conform to the Measurement Diagrams which form part of these Rules.
• The 4.7 rig may be used in any class regatta subject to the conditions in 30 (c) and any restrictions in the Notice of Race and Sailing Instructions.
• The 4.7 rig may only be used in District Championships and higher level regattas when prescribed in the Notice of Race and Sailing Instructions.
• In a series of races a 4.7 rig shall not be changed for a Standard or Radial rig. A series is 2 or more races that count towards an overall points total.
• SAIL REGISTRATION NUMBERS Rules 4(b), 4(c) and 4(f) shall be amended to read as follows:4(b) On 4.7 sails all numbers shall be in accordance with the Racing Rules of Sailing and shall be of the following minimum dimensions: Height 220 mm. Width 150 mm (excluding digit 1). Thickness 30 mm. Note: Optimist Class legal numbers conform to this rule. The maximum height to conform is 240mm. Space between adjoining numbers / letters and rows minimum 30 mm. Sail numbers shall be regularly spaced. Numbers on the starboard side shall be placed above those on the port side. Each number digit shall be one colour only. The numbers shall be solid and easy to read.4(c) For sails with numbers above 153000 and sails purchased after 1st June 1993 the sail numbers shall be glued or sewn on each side of the sail, with the bottom of the starboard numbers placed along the top edge of a line placed 270mm (0 to +12mm) below and parallel to the seam below the bottom edge of the middle batten pocket. The port side numbers shall be placed along a line 270mm below and parallel to the bottom of the starboard side numbers. The starboard side numbers shall commence 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech and the port side numbers shall end 100 mm (+ or – 12 mm) from the leech. (Refer to sail number application diagram for procedure for applying numbers & letters) 4(f) National letters, if required, shall conform to the same type, size, spacing and requirements as 4.7 numbers (refer rule 30 (e) 4 (b)). For all 4.7 sails with numbers from 190000, and for sails purchased from 1 April 2006 onwards the bottom of the starboard side letters shall be placed along a line 270mm (+12mm) below and parallel to the bottom of the numbers on the port side and start 100mm (+ or –12mm) from the leech. The bottom of the letters on the port side shall be placed along a line 270mm (+12mm) below and parallel to the bottom of the letters on the starboard side and finish 100mm (+ or –12mm) from the leech. For 4.7 sails with numbers under 190000 that were purchased before 1 April 2006, they may be placed as above or along the same line, 270mm below and parallel to the bottom of the numbers on the port side, on opposite sides of the sail. The letters on the port side shall be closer to the leech than those on the starboard side, with the port side letters finishing 100mm (+ or – 12mm) from the leech. National Letters shall be required at all World Championships, Regional Championships and events described as international events in the notice of race or sailing instructions. National Letters may be required at any other regatta by the notice of race or sailing instructions. The letters shall all be the same colour, which may be one of the colours of the digits of the sail number, or another distinctive colour.
• MAST Rule 5 shall be amended to read as follows: 5 The 4.7 bottom mast is supplied with a pre-bend aft of approximately 5 degrees. The pre-bend shall not be increased or decreased. No top mast that has permanent bend in it shall be used at any time.
• CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT Rule 6(a) shall be amended to read as follows: 6(a) For the purposes of RRS 50.1 (b) the maximum total weight of competitors clothing and equipment shall be 8 kg.

31. Amendments

Amendments to these Rules shall be approved by each of:

• the World Council,
• the Advisory Council,
• at least two-thirds of the membership casting a vote in response to a ballot published by the International Office of the Class. Only those votes submitted within one month from the date of publication of the rule change ballot shall be valid, and
• World Sailing.

1. Approved Electronic Compasses Below are the approved compasses that meet the requirements of Rule 22. Compass, Electronic Equipment and Timing Devices (NOTE: compasses may be added or removed as circumstances change):

• Nautalytics Simple Compass
• Raymarine T060 Micro
• Velocitek Prism

2. Repairs and Maintenance: Sailors may apply anti-abrasion material at the traveller fairleads to prevent wear of the deck as a form of preventative maintenance under rule 26(a).

3. Hiking strap: A sheaveless block, such as the “shock block” or equivalent, will be considered a ring for the purpose of rule 17(c).

4. In accordance with ILCA Class Rule 22e, the use of heartbeat monitor with no additional function or capability is permitted. The heartbeat monitor device shall comply with Class Rule 22.

Previous rule interpretations have been incorporated into the Class Rules.

• General Assembly

General Assembly Overwhelmingly Adopts Resolution Demanding Russian Federation Immediately End Illegal Use of Force in Ukraine, Withdraw All Troops

Member States today overwhelmingly adopted a resolution demanding the Russian Federation immediately end its invasion of Ukraine and unconditionally withdraw all its military forces from that neighbouring country, as the General Assembly continued its emergency session on the crisis.

[The emergency special session — the eleventh called since the founding of the United Nations — opened on 28 February, meeting less than 24 hours after being mandated to do so by a vote in the Security Council, following its failure to adopt a resolution condemning the Russian Federation’s recent actions in Ukraine.  See Press Releases SC/14808 and SC/14809 for details.]

Deploring in the strongest terms its aggression against Ukraine in violation of the Charter of the United Nations, the Assembly also demanded the Russian Federation immediately and unconditionally reverse its 21 February decision related to the status of certain areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine.

The measure was adopted by a vote of 141 in favour to 5 against (Belarus, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Eritrea, Russian Federation, and Syria) with 35 abstentions — a clear reaffirmation of the 193-member world body’s commitment to Ukraine’s sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity.

The Assembly demanded that the Russian Federation immediately cease its unlawful use of force against Ukraine and refrain from any further threat or use of force against any United Nations Member State, while also deploring Belarus’ involvement in this illegal action and calling on that country to abide by its international obligations.

The text urged the immediate peaceful resolution of the conflict through political dialogue, negotiations, mediation and other peaceful means, calling upon the parties to abide by the Minsk agreements and to work constructively in relevant international frameworks, including the Normandy Format and Trilateral Contact Group, towards their full implementation.

On the humanitarian front, the Assembly demanded that all parties allow safe and unfettered passage to destinations outside of Ukraine, facilitate rapid and unhindered access to those in need of assistance inside the country, and protect civilians and medical and humanitarian workers.  It further demanded that all parties fully comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law to spare the civilian population and civilian objects, condemning all violations in that regard and asking the United Nations Emergency Relief Coordinator to provide a report on the humanitarian situation in Ukraine and on the humanitarian response within 30 days.

Ukraine’s representative, who introduced the resolution, said that for almost a week, his country has been fighting missiles and bombs.  Half a million people have fled as the Russian Federation tries to deprive his country of the right to exist, carrying out a long list of war crimes.  The Russian Federation’s goal is not just an occupation, it is genocide.  “Evil needs more and more space to conquer” if tolerated, he said, adding that the current text is a building block for putting an end to evil.

The speaker for the Russian Federation, rebuking those claims, said:  “This document will not allow us to end military activities.  On the contrary, it could embolden Kiev radicals and nationalists to continue to determine the policy of their country at any price.”  Nationalist battalions are planning provocations with the participation of civilians that would then accuse his country of having carried them out.  Affirming that the Russian Federation will not conduct strikes against civilian facilities or civilians, he asked the international community to not believe “the large number of fakes spread around the Internet”.

Likewise, Syria’s representative said the draft clearly represents a prejudiced attitude based on political propaganda fuelled by political pressure.  Language against the Russian Federation attempts to belittle its right to protect its people and its security concerns.  Had the United States and its Western allies been serious, they would have fulfilled the promises made decades ago to refrain from transforming Ukraine into a threat to the Russian Federation and should have stopped Ukraine from not complying with the Minsk agreements.

The speaker for the United States, who urged countries to vote in favour of the draft, said her country is choosing to stand with the Ukrainian people and will hold the Russian Federation accountable for its actions.  Despite Ukraine’s courageous defence, the country has suffered devastating consequences, with up to a million people expected to flee their homes.  The international community must welcome them, she said, calling on the Russian Federation to stop its unprovoked war and on Belarus to stop allowing its territory to be used to facilitate that aggression.

The representative of the European Union, in its capacity as observer, added:  “This is not just about Ukraine, this is not just about Europe, this is about defending an international order based on rules.  This is about whether we choose tanks and missiles or dialogue and diplomacy.”  Today's historic vote clearly shows the Russian Federation’s isolation from the rest of the international community, he stressed.

Turkey’s delegate expressed concern about the illegal act of aggression against a founding member of the United Nations “by a permanent member of the very organ entrusted with preserving peace and security”.  It is still not too late to go back to the negotiating table, he said, adding that “as a neighbor and friend of both the Russian and Ukrainian people”, Turkey stands ready to support the peace process.

Also participating in the debate were the representatives of Solomon Islands, Myanmar, Pakistan, Djibouti, Bhutan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Cambodia and Azerbaijan, as well as the Permanent Observers of the Holy See and the Sovereign Order of Malta, and a representative of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.

NOEL MARTIN MATEA ( Solomon Islands ), stressing that the Russian Federation’s intervention in Ukraine is a violation of the rule of law, called for immediate de-escalation and restoration of Ukraine’s independence and territorial integrity. Welcoming the talks currently taking place, he stressed the need for diplomacy and dialogue instead of confrontation and hostile postures.  The Charter of the United Nations calls for “the open hands of friendship” and not clenched fists, he said.  The people of his country know the consequences a world war can bring, he said, underscoring that the world must not go through such brutality ever again.  The international community is already inundated with global challenges including the COVID—19 pandemic, climate change and sea level rise, he noted, pointing out that the situation in Ukraine is diverting much-needed attention from the global development agenda.

KYAW MOE TUN ( Myanmar ) condemned the invasion of Ukraine and the unprovoked attack against its people, calling for respect for the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine.  Noting that his country has been following with great concern the situation on the ground in Ukraine, he expressed regret that it had escalated, with intensified attacks by the Russian Federation.  Myanmar understands and shares the suffering of the people of Ukraine, he said, noting that they are facing similar suffering because of atrocities committed by the Myanmar military.  Hundreds of thousands have been displaced, including those with disabilities, elderly women and children.  He commended the neighboring countries of Ukraine, which have opened their borders.  “It is time for all of us to stand with justice and with the principles of the United Nations Charter,” he said.  Myanmar stands in solidarity with the people of Ukraine and has co-sponsored the draft resolution and will vote in favour of it.

MUNIR AKRAM ( Pakistan ), expressing commitment to self-determination, non-use of force or threat of force and peaceful settlement of disputes, said these principles must be consistently and universally applied.  The recent turn of events reflect a failure of diplomacy, he said, calling for sustained dialogue in order to avoid further escalation.  Military and political tensions pose an unprecedented threat to global security and economic stability, he said, pointing out that developing countries are the hardest hit by conflict anywhere.  Expressing hope that the talks initiated by the Russian Federation and Ukraine will bring about a cessation of hostilities, he voiced concern about the safety of his country’s students and citizens in Ukraine.  Those who remain will be evacuated soon, he said, acknowledging the cooperation of Ukrainian authorities and those of neighbouring countries

MOHAMED SIAD DOUALEH ( Djibouti ), noting the unprovoked aggression against Ukraine, expressed deep regret that the Council failed to act in unison after the veto cast by the Russian Federation.  “The refusal expressed by a majority of Member States to be paralyzed into inaction is a testament to the commitment of Member States to ensure that the United Nations remains relevant in the face of vexing and complex security challenges,” he said.  Unequivocally condemning the egregious breach of international law and most fundamental Charter principles, he urged that a country, if it has legitimate security concerns, prioritize the use of Charter tools.  He reiterated the African Union’s call to establish immediately a ceasefire and to start negotiations without delay under United Nations auspices, stressing that no argument or pretext can justify the use of force and brutal violence unleashed on Ukraine and its people.  In that regard, Djibouti will vote in favour of the draft, reaffirming its solidarity with the people of Ukraine.  He expressed alarm at the persistent “representations of negativity” towards Africans and statements by so-called experts who are drawing distinctions between refugees fleeing conflict in the Middle East and those fleeing conflict in Ukraine, stressing that wars are the same wherever they are.  “We are at a critical moment in the history of the United Nations and must put an end to conflict and do everything to prevent other conflicts.  It is within our reach […] let us mobilize our political will to put an end to them,” he said.

DOMA TSHERING ( Bhutan ), noting the significance of the current emergency session, said the provisions of the “Uniting for Peace” resolution must be invoked for the first time in 40 years due to the deadlock in the Security Council.  “Perched atop the Himalayas, even the folds of the mighty mountains cannot shield our country from the reverberations of this conflict,” she said, adding that international security is in danger far beyond the borders of Europe.  Whereas all Member States are beholden to the principles of the Charter, for small States such as Bhutan, they are the guarantor of peaceful existence and good-neighbourly relations, she said.  The threat or use of force against a sovereign State is unacceptable, she emphasized, declaring: “We cannot condone the unilateral drawing of international borders.”

ANOUPARB VONGNORKEO ( Lao People’s Democratic Republic ) said his country has previously suffered the scourge of war and knows only too well the endless negative consequences it causes to innocent lives.  While commending the United Nations and Member States that have offered humanitarian assistance to the affected people, he emphasized that his country remains sceptical of unilateral sanctions, cautioning that such measures could entail long-term impacts on innocent people, including the global community at large, especially during the pandemic.  In that regard, he called upon all parties concerned to refrain from any action that could further fuel the escalation of tension, seek peaceful solutions, and restore peace and security.  Expressing support for the ongoing effort to find a peaceful diplomatic settlement, he stressed the importance of taking into account the legitimate security concerns of all parties.  “It is our fervent hope that, through this diplomatic effort, peace can be restored, peace which constitutes the heart and soul of our Organization, the United Nations,” he said.

SOVANN KE ( Cambodia ), expressing great concern about the human suffering unfolding in Ukraine, emphasized the importance of peaceful dialogue and negotiation.  He also stressed the need to protect civilians and civilian infrastructure and to ensure the delivery of humanitarian assistance, reiterating the call by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for peaceful resolution of the current dispute.  Cambodia is a co-sponsor of the draft resolution, he noted.

YASHAR T. ALIYEV ( Azerbaijan ) expressed deep regret that the ongoing crisis has caused significant casualties, among the civilian population in particular.  Calling for strict adherence to international humanitarian law, he emphasized that civilian lives and infrastructure must be protected and safeguarded at all times.  The evolving humanitarian crisis on the ground requires expedient measures to alleviate the impact of the current situation on civilians, he noted.  In that regard, Azerbaijan has rendered, on a bilateral basis, humanitarian assistance in the form of medicine and medical equipment as well as other needs essential to the people of Ukraine.  The situation must be settled through diplomatic means, in full compliance with international law, he stressed, reiterating calls for dialogue without delay to prevent further escalation and direct negotiations between the parties.

VALENTIN RYBAKOV ( Belarus ), noting that his country will vote against the draft resolution, said the international community must bear its share of responsibility for what is currently happening in Ukraine.  Recalling the signing of the Minsk agreements eight years ago as well as the relevant resolutions adopted by the Council and the Assembly, he said the international community was unable to convince the Ukrainian authorities to abide by these documents.  Ukraine has found itself in a state of civil war for years and civilians have been dying in the Donetsk and Luhansk provinces.  Noting that operative paragraph 8 of the draft text hypocritically calls on all parties to fulfil the Minsk agreements, he asked its sponsors where they had been for the past eight years.

The United States, Canada and the European Union, who believe themselves to be the gold standards of democracy, could not find the strength to respond to the criminal activities of the Ukrainian authorities, he said.  Their double standards have already led to hundreds of thousands of victims in the former Yugoslavia as well as Iraq, Libya and Afghanistan.  “I will let you in on a secret.  Yes, we are involved,” in the conflict, he said, adding that the President of Belarus is sparing no effort to organize negotiations between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.  Cautioning against the imposition of sanctions, for example, against Belarussian potassium fertilizers, he said that will lead to economic and social problems and increased hunger in countries located hundreds of kilometres from his.  “Russians and Belarussians are essentially being held hostage” in Ukraine, he said, also highlighting the cases of racism and discrimination towards foreign citizens at the borders as well as the “rampant plundering” and uncontrolled distribution of weapons in Ukraine.

LINDA THOMAS-GREENFIELD ( United States ) called on the Russian Federation to stop its unprovoked, unjustified, and unconscionable war, and to respect Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and on Belarus to stop supporting the war and stop allowing its territory to be used to facilitate that aggression.  The international community stands together in holding the Russian Federation accountable for its violations of international law and to address the unfolding horrific human rights and humanitarian crisis.  She noted that this is the first time in 40 years that the Security Council has convened an emergency special session of the General Assembly, recalling the invasion that caused a war so horrific that it spurred the United Nations into existence.  “If the United Nations has any purpose, it is to prevent war, to condemn war, to stop war.  That is our job here today. It is the job you were sent here to do not just by your capitals but by all of humanity,” she said.

Although Ukraine has defended itself with great courage and vigor, the brazen and indiscriminate nature of the Russian Federation’s attack has had devastating and horrific consequences for the entire country.  Detailing acts of aggression that have caused many to flee their homes, she said the latest United Nations estimates are marching towards a million people.  She thanked countries for opening their borders, hearts and homes to those fleeing Ukraine and called on the international community to welcome all those fleeing conflict without regard to race or nationality.  Pointing to protests for peace that have sprung up around the world in solidarity with Ukraine, she said the United States is choosing to stand with the Ukrainian people, and, in coordination with its allies and partners, to impose severe consequences and hold the Russian Federation accountable for its actions, urging Member States to vote in favour of the resolution.

GABRIELE CACCIA, Permanent Observer of the Holy See , echoing calls to end the violence, said the United Nations was founded to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours.  It is the duty of all States to seek to resolve disputes through negotiation, mediation or by other peaceful means, even when war has commenced.  Expressing appreciation to States which are offering humanitarian assistance to those in need both in Ukraine and in neighbouring countries in which many have sought safety, he said Pope Francis has called on believers and non-believers alike to observe this 2 March as a “day to be close to the sufferings of the Ukrainian people, to feel that we are all brothers and sisters, and to implore of God the end of the war”.  There is always time for goodwill, still room for negotiation and still a place for the exercise of a wisdom that can prevent the predominance of partisan interest, safeguard the legitimate aspirations of everyone and spare the world from the folly and horrors of war, he said, stressing: “may this Emergency Special Session advance efforts that help attain this end”.

PAUL BERESFORD-HILL, Permanent Observer of the Sovereign Order of Malta , highlighting his organization’s mission to serve the sick and the poor, expressed sadness about the ongoing conflict which has impacted the lives of so many citizens of Ukraine and has created an unprecedented flow of refugees.  The Sovereign Order’s embassy to Ukraine has provided considerable support and material help to that country’s citizens residents, he said, adding that a refugee exodus of over 6 million persons might be the outcome of this situation.  Noting that some nations have gone out of their way to welcome these individuals and to help them through the trauma, he said the Order’s staff are working along the Ukrainian border, doing everything from serving hot food and drink to caring for injured people.

AMANDA SOUREK, a representative of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance , strongly condemned the unprovoked war of aggression waged by the Russian Federation with Belarus’ involvement against Ukraine.  She called on the international community to “spring into action” to protect the people of Ukraine and mitigate the invasion’s humanitarian consequences.  Ukraine has successfully reached democratic standards over the past two decades.  As such, this is a pivotal moment for democrats all over the world to stand in support of Ukraine, as well as the moment to counter and prevent the rise of authoritarian regimes elsewhere.  She called on the Russian Federation to immediately withdraw its military forces and fully respect Ukraine’s sovereignty.  She encouraged the Secretary-General to make use of his good offices to advance ceasefire talks, humanitarian access to the war-affected areas, and the protection of civilians.  She urged Member States to adopt and enforce sanctions against the Russian Federation until withdrawal of the forces from Ukraine and the restoration of its territorial integrity, and to “do whatever it takes in compliance with the principles of the Charter” to stop the war and prevent any further escalation of conflict.  Her Institute and its member States will do their part in collaboration with the United Nations and other democratic Governments and organizations to protect the principle that every country has the right to freely determine its own fate based on the freely expressed will of its people.

The representative of Ukraine , introducing the draft resolution titled “Aggression against Ukraine” (document A/ES-11/L.1 ), said the United Nations was created to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, but it falls to the current generation to save the world yet again from war.  Regardless of a nation’s grievances, aggressive warfare is never a solution, he said.  For almost a week, his country has been fighting missiles and bombs, he said, adding that the Russian Federation is trying to deprive Ukraine of the right to exist.  Expressing gratitude for all expressions of support and solidarity and thanking those Member States who accepted Ukrainian refugees, he said that half a million have fled his country.  The list of the Russian Federation’s war crimes is very long, he said, pointing to widespread use of indiscriminate weapons such as aerial bombs in residential areas.  Many cities and towns have faced sustained shelling that killed civilians, including children and a student from India.  Also noting that a missile was dropped on a holocaust memorial, he said, “What an irony.”

The Russian Federation’s goal is not just an occupation, it is genocide, he said, adding that later this month, the International Court of Justice will hold public hearings concerning allegations of genocide against that country.  “Evil needs more and more space to conquer” if tolerated, he said, adding that the current text is a building block for putting an end to evil.  Voting in favor of the resolution is a reaffirmation of the Charter, he said, inviting delegates to also sign a copy of the Charter after the vote.  Playing a video recording of Benjamin Ferencz, he said this “fragile gentleman” was an investigator of war crimes and a chief prosecutor at the trials of Nuremberg.  Echoing Mr. Ferencz’s call for law over war, he called on all Member States to support the draft.

The representative of the Russian Federation , calling on Member States to not support the draft resolution, said his country knows of the unprecedented pressure that Western partners are exerting on a large number of countries.  “This document will not allow us to end military activities.  On the contrary, it could embolden Kiev radicals and nationalists to continue to determine the policy of their country at any price,” he cautioned.  The Russian Federation is aware that nationalist battalions are planning provocations with the participation of civilians that would then accuse his country of having carried them out.  In addition, military hardware are being placed in residential areas, as well as rocket launchers and artillery, he said, adding that the Russian Federation would provide examples to the United Nations leadership in that regard.  “The refusal to support the draft resolution is a vote for a peaceful Ukraine that is free from radicalism and neo-Nazism, living in peace with its neighbors,” he said.

That is the aim of the Russian Federation’s special military operation, which has been presented as aggression by the resolution’s sponsors, he continued.  Affirming that his country will not carry out strikes against civilian facilities or civilians, he asked the international community to not believe “the large number of fakes spread around the Internet”.  He noted that the draft does not mention the “illegal coup in Kiev in February 2014 with the connivance of Germany, France and Poland and with the support of the United States, where the legitimately elected president of their country was overthrown”.  The draft also does not mention new nationalist authorities that are limiting the rights of citizens to use the Russian language, he said, adding that that was a stark green light for a chain of events and violations of the basic rights of those living in the east of the country.  “This draft is a clear attempt of those who over the last decades have committed huge numbers of aggressions — illegal under international law, as well as coups, one of which was the Maidan coup in Ukraine — and who present themselves as champions of international law,” he said in conclusion.

The representative of Serbia said his delegation is committed to the principles of sovereignty and the territorial integrity of all nations and will vote in favour of the draft.  Recalling that the first major attack in Europe after the Second World War occurred in 1999 in the former Yugoslavia, he said that there had been no United Nations reaction with regard to Serbia, and the consequences are still felt today.  For its part, Serbia will continue to advocate for ending conflict, he said, expressing hope the parties will create peace through dialogue.

The representative of Syria said the draft clearly represents a prejudiced attitude based on political propaganda fuelled by political pressure.  Language against the Russian Federation attempts to belittle its right to protect its people and its security concerns, and Belarus has been affected by the draft, which represents a flagrant political hypocrisy.  Had the United States and its Western allies been serious, they would have fulfilled its promises made decades ago to refrain from transforming Ukraine into a threat to the Russian Federation and should have stopped Ukraine from not complying with the Minsk agreements.  Instead, weaponry has been supplied, reflecting the clear-cut desire of those countries to worsen and not de-escalate the current situation.  At the same time, an enormous media campaign is spreading lies that are aimed at defaming the Russian Federation and not at resolving the conflict.  Such attempts ignore the real reason for tensions and the eruption of hostilities.  Those showing support for the draft should have shown the same eagerness related to Israel’s occupation of Arab territories and Turkey’s action against Syria.  Syria will vote against the draft because, among other things, it promulgates anarchy, imposes sanctions and will only worsen the situation.

Also speaking in explanation, the representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines said her delegation will vote in favor of the text in accordance with its steadfast commitment to the Charter.  Strict adherence to international law and international humanitarian law is not optional, she said.

The Assembly then adopted the draft by a recorded vote of 141 in favor to 5 against (Belarus, Democratic Republic of Korea, Eritrea, Russian Federation, Syria), with 35 abstentions.  Delegates greeted the results with a standing ovation.

The representative of Rwanda said his delegation voted in favour of the resolution in support of, and with respect for, the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of any country.  Emphasizing that military actions should cease immediately, he said the Russian Federation and Ukraine have the key to resolving the conflict and external intervention will only exacerbate the situation.  Expressing serious concern over the extent of humanitarian devastation, and the peace and security challenges caused by the war, he noted reports that Africans are being racially segregated and denied safe exit and admission to neighbouring countries.  Rwanda calls upon all those involved to allow unhindered evacuation without looking at individuals’ colour or origin, he stressed.

The representative of China said any action taken by the United Nations and relevant parties must prioritize the security concerns of all actors while playing a positive role considering the current situation.  Unfortunately, the draft has not undergone full consultations with the full membership nor has it considered all issues related to the situation.  As these elements are not in line with China’s principles, his delegation had to abstain from voting.  Resolving the conflict requires abandoning the cold war logic and the approach of expanding military blocs to ensure security.  Instead, talks must focus on collective security.  Calling on the international community to take a responsible approach, he said efforts must be sought to ensure parties engage in dialogue.

The representative of India expressed deep concern over the rapidly deteriorating situation in Ukraine and the ensuing humanitarian crisis, noting that an Indian national was tragically killed in Kharkiv on Tuesday due to ongoing hostilities.  He demanded safe and uninterrupted passage for all Indian nationals, including students still stranded in Ukraine, noting that this remains his country’s top priority and it has instituted special flights to bring back Indians home from conflict zones.  Moreover, his Government has deployed senior ministers as special envoys to countries neighboring Ukraine to facilitate evacuation, he said, thanking all those countries for opening their borders and extending all facilities to India’s embassies.  India has already dispatched humanitarian assistance to Ukraine, including medicines, medical equipment and other relief material, and will be sending one more tranche in the coming days.  Supporting the call for an immediate ceasefire and safe humanitarian access to conflict zones, he stressed that differences can only be resolved through dialogue and diplomacy.  He underscored the urgent need for humanitarian access and movement of stranded civilians, expressing hope that the second round of talks between the Russian Federation and Ukraine will lead to a positive outcome.  Keeping in view the totality of the evolving situation, he said India has decided to abstain from the vote.

The representative of Iran reiterated his country’s principled position of respect for the Charter, international law and international humanitarian law.  Stressing the importance of avoiding double standards in the maintenance of peace, he pointed to the conflict in Yemen.  Expressing concern about the Council’s inaction, he noted that his delegation abstained from the vote.

Statements after Adoption

The representative of the European Union delegation, in its capacity as observer, recalling that last week, the Council was unable to act against the Russian Federation’s unprovoked act of aggression because of that country’s veto, said today countries around the world came together to speak against that aggression.  Calling on the Russian Federation to immediately stop the aggression, he added that the brutality of that country’s invasion, with the complicity of Belarus, has reached unimaginable levels.  Highlighting indiscriminate attacks against Ukrainian cities, he said “this is not just about Ukraine, this is not just about Europe, this is about defending an international order based on rules.  This is about whether we choose tanks and missiles or dialogue and diplomacy.”  Today's historic vote clearly shows the Russian Federation’s isolation from the rest of the international community, he stressed.

The representative of Denmark , speaking also on behalf of Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden and associating himself with the European Union, said the international community had come together from all corners of the world to “send a resounding ‘yes’” to uphold international law and the United Nations Charter; the principle of sovereign equality of all United Nations Member States; and respect for their territorial integrity, sovereignty and political independence.  Moreover, the international community had come together to send a resounding message to Ukraine and all Ukrainians.  “You are not alone.  We stand with you.  Today, tomorrow and until peace is restored and Ukraine’s sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity are fully restored and respected,” he said, echoing the words of a colleague who had spoken on Tuesday.  He urged the Russian Federation and Belarus to “stop the aggression now”.  “What you are doing is unacceptable.  It is wrong.  Your unprovoked aggression against Ukraine is a violation of the core principles that you signed up to when you laid the foundation of this very organization, of this community of nations,” he said.

The representative of Turkey expressed concern about the illegal act of aggression against a founding member of the United Nations “by a permanent member of the very organ entrusted with preserving peace and security”.  The ongoing military offensive against Ukraine blatantly violates the fundamental rules of international law, he said, adding that the international community cannot remain spectators.  The current resolution emphasizes loudly and clearly that it stands against egregious violations of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of fellow Member States.  It is still not too late to go back to the negotiating table, he said, adding that “as a neighbor and friend of both the Russian and Ukrainian people,” Turkey stands ready to support the peace process.

The representative of Poland , reading an open letter written by the spouses of the Presidents of Lithuania and his own country, called on politicians, clergy and concerned citizens across the world to show solidarity with Ukrainian children.  A large number of refugees are unaccompanied children fleeing the aggression, he said, adding that their everyday lives are no longer defined by school and time spent with their peers, but rather by bomb shelters.  An entire generation of young Ukrainians will bear the scars of this war on their bodies and souls.  Continuing to quote the open letter, he underscored that the war is being fought not only in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic but also amid measles and polio epidemics among children.  Acknowledging the support received from States and international organizations around the world, he noted that the United Nations wants to allocate $1.7 billion worth of support and called on people of goodwill around the world to do everything possible to end this war.

Eritrea ’s representative, who voted against the resolution as well, noted that his country’s experience has demonstrated that all forms of sanctions are counterproductive.

Representatives of several countries, among them Egypt , Nepal , Italy , Jordan , New Zealand and Colombia , expressed solidarity with Ukraine and stressed the crucial importance of peaceful settlement of disputes.  “We know what happens in wars,” the representative of Lebanon said, adding that the energy that went into this text should continue to be directed towards a meaningful peace.

The Assembly also heard explanations of vote from delegates that abstained from the vote, with many of them highlighting their misgivings about the resolution and the process of its negotiation.

For example, South Africa ’s representative said the current text does not lead to an environment conducive to mediation and could lead to a deeper rift between the parties.  Her delegation would also have preferred an open and transparent process in the negotiations towards the text, she added, calling on the international community to go beyond gestures that merely appear to promote peace without ensuring meaningful action.

The representative of China voiced regret that the draft has not undergone full consultations with the entire United Nations membership.  He called on the international community to abandon the cold war logic as well as the approach of expanding military blocs to ensure security.  Highlighting the need for collective global security, he stressed the need to ensure parties engage in dialogue.

Also speaking during action on the draft resolution were the representatives of Serbia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tunisia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Thailand, Brazil, United Arab Emirates, India, Bahrain, Iran, Algeria, United Republic of Tanzania, Malaysia and Iraq.

Also making statements after the adoption were the representatives of the United Kingdom, Japan, Ireland, Australia, Costa Rica and Indonesia.

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The Cyprus Sailing Federation was established in 1972 and its first meeting was held in 1978 with the then Director General of the Cyprus Sports Organisation Mr Christakis Georgiades as chairman and Mr Totos Theodosiou as secretary. The founding members of the Federation were the Famagusta Nautical Club, the Larnaca Nautical Club and the Limassol Nautical Club. From 1984 onwards, the Kyrenia Nautical Club, the Paphos Nautical Club, the Nicosia Sailing Club, the Cyprus Offshore Nautical Club (PONATHA) and the Cyprus Sports Association of Owners of Small Vessels (PASIMIS) have gradually joined.

In 1979, Mr Totos Theodosiou became the first Chairman and he set out to draft and approve the Articles of Association as well as to study the organisation of the CYSAF. The first objective of the CYSAF was to participate in the Moscow Olympic Games in 1980 and this was achieved with a seven-member representation with 470, Finn and Flying Dutchman dinghies. The CYSAF participated in the Seoul Olympic Games in 1988 with a three-member representation with a 470 dinghy, in the Barcelona Olympic Games in 1992 with a 470 dinghy, in the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996 with a 470 dinghy and in the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 with Laser and Mistral dinghies. In 2004, the CYSAF participated in the Athens Olympic Games after qualifying for the first time with three classes of dhingies: Men’s/ Women’s Mistral and Laser. In 2008, the CYSAF, again, made it through the qualifying process for the Beijing Olympic Games with four athletes in the categories: Men’s/ Women’s RS:X, Laser and Finn. Apart from the Olympic Games, the Federation took active part in numerous international races such as World and European Games and other regattas.

On 17.12.1989, the Cyprus Sailing Federation acquired its own Sailing Centre where it also houses its offices. The Sailing Centre hosts training camps as well as national and international regattas.

Administration

The Federation is managed by the Board of Directors which is elected and appointed in accordance with the Articles of Association of the Federation. The first Chairman of the CYSAF was Mr Totos Theodosiou who remained in the position from 1979 to 2005 when he was declared honorary Chairman of the CYSAF. From 2005 to 2009, Dr Panayiotis Kontides was appointed chairman and, since 2010, Mr Yiannos Photiou has been the Chairman.

Classes of dinghies

The classes of sailing dinghies currently maintained by the CYSAF are the following: Women’s/ Men’s RS:X, Laser Standard, Laser Radial, Laser 4.7, Optimist, 470, Finn and Open Sea Vessels.

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Biden And Allies Are Coming For Russian Billionaires’ Yachts: Forbes Tracked Down 63. Here’s Where To Find Them

Most of the yachts are registered through offshore vehicles and docked in far-flung locales..

Updated with new sanctions on September 14, 2023. The locations in this article were last updated on January 9, 2023 and the map has not been updated since this story was originally published in March 2022.

R ussian billionaires have been in the spotlight since Vladimir Putin invaded Ukraine on February 24. In his State of the Union address on March 1, President Joe Biden said his administration would work with European countries to target Russian oligarchs by seizing “their yachts, their luxury apartments, their private jets.”

The United Kingdom and the European Union imposed sanctions on three more Russian billionaires on March 9 and the U.K. sanctioned Roman Abramovich the next day; more sanctions were announced on March 15 and on March 24; new actions have since brought the total number of sanctioned Russian-born billionaires to 50. Several yachts owned by sanctioned billionaires or their family members and associates—Roman Abramovich, Farkhad Akhmedov, Vagit Alekperov, Andrei Guriev, Eduard Khudainatov, Andrei Kuzmichev, Igor Makarov, Andrey Melnichenko, Alexey Mordashov, Dmitry Pumpyansky, Arkady Rotenberg, Gennady Timchenko, Eugene Shvidler, Alisher Usmanov and Viktor Vekselberg—were last tracked in the U.S., EU or in the U.K. and their territories after the individuals were sanctioned, including France, Germany, Gibraltar, Italy, the Netherlands, Puerto Rico and Spain.

Their personal assets in the European Union, from private jets and superyachts to luxury real estate, may now be frozen. Italian authorities froze Mordashov’s Lady M yacht and Timchenko’s Lena yacht on March 4. On March 12, Italian police froze Melnichenko’s Sailing Yacht A in Trieste. On March 21, authorities in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar detained Dmitry Pumpyansky’s Axioma yacht, the same day French authorities froze a yacht owned by Alezei Kuzmichev. On April 4, Spain’s Guardia Civil and the FBI seized Vekselberg’s Tango yacht in Palma de Mallorca . On April 13, German authorities froze Dilbar , a yacht that was owned by Alisher Usmanov until he transferred ownership to his sister Gulbakhor Ismailova in 2020. On May 5, Fiji seized Suleiman Kerimov’s yacht Amadea at the request of U.S. authorities.

It’s still unclear whether the EU, the U.S. or the U.K. will declare additional sanctions on other individuals. As recently as February 28, Forbes tracked the wealth of more than 100 Russian billionaires. Using data from yacht valuation experts VesselsValue, Forbes has compiled a list of every yacht owned by Russian-born billionaires and recent dropoffs—both those that have been sanctioned and those that have not. At least 12 Russian billionaires fell out of the three-comma-club on March 1.

According to VesselsValue’s head of superyachts, Sam Tucker, yacht “ownership is notoriously private.” The firm has 90% confidence in its data on these yachts, which are generally owned through offshore companies registered everywhere from the Isle of Man to the Cayman Islands. Collectively, the 63 yachts are worth at least $6.3 billion. The 53 yachts owned by sanctioned Russian billionaires are worth at least $4.7 billion.

“Technically speaking, these yachts are owned by a special purpose vehicle, often being in a different jurisdiction to the beneficial owner,” Tucker said. “There are also lease systems, which further distance the [owner] from the asset.” Lease systems are legal structures commonly used to purchase yachts, allowing individuals to own a yacht through a separate company—often registered in places such as Malta and Cyprus—that then leases the yacht to the individual.

While the Russian economy crashes under the weight of sanctions, yachts owned by the country’s billionaires have anchored in much sunnier climes: everywhere from Monaco and Barcelona to Dubai and the Seychelles.

Here is a list of all of the yachts owned by Russian billionaires and billionaires born in Russia tracked by Forbes and VesselsValue (Location data from VesselsValue, MarineTraffic and VesselFinder):

Alexander Abramov

Sanctioned by australia, u.k., yacht name: titan, length: 257 feet, last recorded location: dubai, united arab emirates on january 9, 2023, registered in: bermuda, value: $82 million.

Alexander Abramov's Titan yacht.

Roman Abramovich

Sanctioned by u.k., eu, canada, australia, switzerland, yacht name: eclipse*, length: 533 feet, last recorded location: bodrum, turkey on january 9, 2023, value: $438 million.

*Abramovich also owns eight small vessels “used to support the operations” of Eclipse, named Eclipse 1 through Eclipse 8.

Yacht name: Solaris

Length: 458 feet, last recorded location: marmaris, turkey on january 9, 2023, value: $474 million, yacht name: halo, length: 180 feet, last recorded location: göcek, turkey on december 16, 2022, registered in: cook islands, value: $38 million, yacht name: garcon, length: 220 feet, last recorded location: fethiye, turkey on august 8, 2022, value: $20 million, yacht name: kewpie, length: 80 feet, last recorded location: saint barthélemy on january 6, 2023, value: $3 million, yacht name: sussurro, length: 162 feet, last recorded location: la ciotat, france on january 9, 2023, value: $17 million, yacht name: umbra a, length: 40 feet, last recorded location: not available, registered in: not available, value: $1 million, yacht name: aquamarine*, length: 164 feet, last recorded location: vlissingen, netherlands on april 5, 2022, registered in: russia, value: $29.9 million.

* Aquamarine is owned by Jersey-based MHC Jersey Limited, which is owned by British Virgin Islands-based Norma Investments Limited. Prior to February 24, 2022, Norma’s beneficial owner was Abramovich; Norma’s ownership was transferred to David Davidovich, a business associate of Abramovich, on the same day, according to public filings. Davidovich was sanctioned by the U.K. on April 14 .

Roman Abramovich's Eclipse yacht.

Farkhad Akhmedov

Sanctioned by eu, u.k., canada, switzerland, yacht name: luna, length: 375 feet, last recorded location: hamburg, germany on july 4, 2022 ( frozen by german authorities on may 12, 2022), registered in: marshall islands, value: $196 million.

Farkhad Akhmedov's Luna yacht.

Vagit Alekperov

Sanctioned by u.k., australia, canada, yacht name: galactica super nova, length: 230 feet, last recorded location: off the coast of budva, montenegro on march 2, 2022 (departed tivat, montenegro on march 2), registered in: sierra leone, value: $67 million, yacht name: space, length: 114 feet, last recorded location: sevastopol, crimea on august 23, 2022, value: $8 million, yacht name: galactica, length: 263 feet, last recorded location: vladivostok, russia on october 1, 2022, value: not available.

Vagit Alekperov's Galactica Super Nova yacht.

Oleg Deripaska

Sanctioned by u.s., u.k., eu, canada, switzerland, australia, yacht name: clio, length: 238 feet, last recorded location: adler, russia on october 27, 2022, registered in: cayman islands, value: $58 million, yacht name: sputnik, length: 197 feet, last recorded location: göcek, turkey on november 9, 2022, registered in: antigua and barbuda, value: $19.75 million, yacht name: elden, length: 95 feet, last recorded location: volga river near sknyatino, russia on october 8, 2022, value: $1.9 million.

Oleg Deripaska.

Sergey Galitsky

Yacht name: quantum blue, length: 341 feet, last recorded location: off the coast of salalah, oman on march 22, 2022, value: $213 million.

Sergei Galitsky's Quantum Blue yacht.

Andrei Guriev

Sanctioned by u.s., u.k., yacht name: alfa nero, length: 267 feet, last recorded location: falmouth harbour, antigua and barbuda on november 3, 2022 ( blocked by the u.s. on august 2), value: $81 million.

Andrei Guriev's Alfa Nero yacht.

Dmitry Kamenshchik

Yacht name: flying fox, length: 446 feet, last recorded location: göcek, turkey on december 27, 2022 ( blocked by the u.s. on june 2), value: $455 million.

Dmitry Kamenshchik's Flying Fox yacht.

Suleiman Kerimov

Sanctioned by u.s., eu, u.k., canada, switzerland, australia, japan, yacht name: amadea, length: 348 feet, last recorded location: san diego, california on june 6 ( seized by u.s. authorities on may 5, 2022), registered in: united states, value: $300 million.

Suleiman Kerimov's Amadea yacht.

Igor Kesaev

Yacht name: my sky, length: 168 feet, last recorded location: crossroads superyacht marina, maldives on june 16, 2022, value: $30 million, yacht name: sky, length: 166 feet, last recorded location: limón bay, panama on january 9, 2023, value: $23 million.

Igor Kesaev.

Eduard Khudainatov

Sanctioned by eu, yacht name: divina barbara, length: 115 feet, last recorded location: rendsburg, germany on november 17, 2016, registered in: united kingdom, value: $9 million, alexey kuzmichev, sanctioned by u.s., eu, u.k., canada, switzerland, australia, yacht name: la petite ourse, length: 79 feet, last recorded location: antibes, france on august 11, 2022 ( frozen by french authorities on march 16, 2022; released after court decision on october 5, 2022), registered in: malta, value: $4.5 million, yacht name: la petite ourse ii, length: 54 feet, last recorded location: cannes, france on june 6, 2022 ( frozen by french authorities on march 21, 2022; released after court decision on december 9, 2022), value: $1.2 million, anatoly lomakin, yacht name: sea & us, length: 205 feet, igor makarov, sanctioned by canada, australia, yacht name: areti i, length: 128 feet, last recorded location: st. augustine, florida on october 24, 2022, value: $7 million.

Igor Makarov.

Iskander Makhmudov

Sanctioned by: u.s., u.k., yacht name: predator, length: 239 feet, last recorded location: kuşadası, turkey on january 4, 2023, registered in: st. kitts and nevis, value: $55 million, dmitry mazepin, sanctioned by: u.k., eu, switzerland, canada, australia, yacht name: aldabra, length: 97 feet, last recorded location: bodrum, turkey on october 7, 2022 (frozen by italian authorities), registered in: isle of man, length: 72 feet, last recorded location: n/a (frozen by italian authorities), registered in: n/a, andrey melnichenko, sanctioned by eu, u.k., u.s., switzerland, australia, yacht name: my a, length: 390 feet, last recorded location: ras al khaimah, united arab emirates on may 28, 2022, registered in: isle of man ( deregistered on march 16, 2022), value: $204 million, yacht name: sy a, length: 469 feet, last recorded location: trieste, italy on january 9, 2023 ( frozen by italian authorities on march 12, 2022), value: $578 million (valued by italian government).

Andrey Melnichenko's SY A sailing yacht.

Leonid Mikhelson

Sanctioned by U.K., Canada, Australia

Yacht name: pacific, length: 280 feet, last recorded location: abu dhabi, united arab emirates on december 25, 2022, registered in: malaysia, value: $115 million, yuri milner, yacht name: andromeda, length: 352 feet, last recorded location: off the coast of nassau, bahamas on january 9, 2023, value: $129 million, andrei molchanov, yacht name: aurora, length: 243 feet, last recorded location: istanbul, turkey on august 21, 2022, value: $110 million, alexey mordashov, sanctioned by eu, u.k., u.s., switzerland, australia, japan, yacht name: lady m, length: 213 feet, last recorded location: imperia, italy on june 6, 2022 ( frozen by italian authorities on march 4, 2022), registered in : cayman islands, value: $27 million, yacht name: nord, length: 464 feet, last recorded location: malacca strait near kuala selangor, malaysia on october 24, 2022.

Alexey Mordashov's Nord yacht.

Alexander Nesis

Yacht name: romea, length: 268 feet, last recorded location: malé, maldives on january 9, 2023.

Alexander Nesis.

Vladimir Potanin

Sanctioned by u.s., u.k., canada, australia, yacht name: nirvana, length: 290 feet, last recorded location: dubai, united arab emirates on january 9, 2023 ( blocked by the u.s. on december 15), value: $120 million.

Vladimir Potanin's Nirvana yacht.

Mikhail Prokhorov

Yacht name: av (formerly palladium), length: 312 feet, last recorded location: fort lauderdale, florida on january 9, 2023, value: $157 million.

Mikhail Prokhorov's Palladium yacht.

Dmitry Pumpyansky

Sanctioned by eu, u.k., u.s., switzerland, canada, australia, yacht name: axioma, length: 236 feet, last recorded location: gibraltar on january 9, 2023 ( detained by gibraltarian authorities on march 21, 2022)*, value: $42 million.

*Axioma was auctioned in August 2022 and is no longer owned by Pumpyansky.

Dmitry Pumpyansky's Axioma yacht.

Viktor Rashnikov

Sanctioned by eu, u.k., u.s., canada, switzerland, australia, yacht name: ocean victory, length: 459 feet, last recorded location: malé, maldives on march 1, 2022, value: $294 million.

Viktor Rashnikov's Ocean Victory yacht.

Arkady Rotenberg

Sanctioned by eu, u.s., u.k., australia, canada, japan, switzerland, yacht name: rahil, last recorded location: sochi, russia on december 1, 2022.

Arkady Rotenberg's Russian-registered Rahil yacht.

Boris Rotenberg

Length: 157 feet, last recorded location: marseille, france on january 9, 2023, registered in: luxembourg ( deregistered in april 2022, frozen by french authorities), value: $15 million, dmitry rybolovlev, yacht name: anna, length: 361 feet, value: $250 million.

Dmitry Rybolovlev.

Anatoly Sedykh

Yacht name: hermitage, length: 225 feet, last recorded location: dubai, united arab emirates on december 16, 2022, value: $73 million.

Anatoly Sedykh's Hermitage yacht.

Eugene Shvidler

Sanctioned by u.k., australia (shvidler was born in the u.s.s.r. and is a citizen of the u.s. and the u.k.), yacht name: le grand bleu, length: 354 feet, last recorded location: ponce, puerto rico on june 6, 2022, registered in: palau, value: $109 million.

Eugene Shvidler's Le Grand Bleu yacht.

Andrei Skoch

Sanctioned by u.s., eu, u.k., australia, canada, japan, switzerland, yacht name: madame gu, length: 325 feet, last recorded location: dubai, united arab emirates on march 6, 2022 ( blocked by the u.s. on june 2), value: $156 million.

Andrei Skoch's Madame Gu yacht.

Alexander Svetakov

Yacht name: cloudbreak, length: 246 feet, last recorded location: singapore on january 9, 2023, value: $98 million.

Alexander Svetakov's Cloudbreak yacht.

Gennady Timchenko

Sanctioned by: eu, u.s., u.k., australia, canada, japan, switzerland, yacht name: lena, length: 126 feet, last recorded location: sanremo, italy on september 24, 2022 ( frozen by italian authorities on march 4, 2022), registered in: british virgin islands.

Gennady Timchenko.

Oleg Tinkov

Sanctioned by u.k., australia ( dropped off forbes real-time billionaires on march 1), yacht name: la datcha, length: 252 feet, last recorded location: cabo san lucas, mexico on january 9, 2023, registered in: panama, value: $121 million, yacht name: ycm 90, length: 90 feet, value: $2 million.

Oleg Tinkov's La Datcha yacht.

Alisher Usmanov

Sanctioned by eu, u.k., u.s., australia, canada, japan, switzerland, yacht name: dilbar*, length: 512 feet, last recorded location: hamburg, germany on may 6, 2022 ( blocked by the u.s. on march 3, 2022 and frozen by german authorities on april 13, 2022), value: $588 million, yacht name: begham*, length: 131 feet, last recorded location: olbia, italy on october 25, 2021, value: $10.5 million.

* Dilbar is owned by Caymans-based Navis Marine Ltd. and Begham is owned by Caymans-based Highseas Yachting Ltd. Both Navis Marine Ltd. and Highseas Yachting Ltd. are owned by Cyprus-based Almenor Holdings Ltd. Almenor is in turn owned by Switzerland-based Pomerol Capital SA, which holds the shares "in trust for the benefit of" the Sister Trust, which a German Federal Police investigation found is held by Gulbakhor Ismailova, Usmanov’s sister. Ownership of Navis Marine Ltd. and Highseas Yachting Ltd. was transferred to Almenor in 2020.

Alisher Usmanov's Dilbar yacht.

Viktor Vekselberg

Sanctioned by: u.s., u.k., japan, canada, australia, yacht name: tango, length: 255 feet, last recorded location: palma de mallorca, spain on january 9, 2023 ( blocked by the u.s. on march 13, 2022 and seized by u.s. and spanish authorities on april 4, 2022), value: $90 million.

Viktor Vekselberg's Tango yacht.

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Trade picture

Please note that the following figures reflect the situation in 2021, before recent trade-related sanctions began to have an effect.

• In 2021, Russia was the EU's fifth largest trade partner, representing 5.8% of the EU’s total trade in goods with the world.  
• In 2020, the EU was Russia's first trade partner, accounting for 37.3% of the country’s total trade in goods with the world. 36.5% of Russia’s imports came from the EU and 37.9% of its exports went to the EU.
• In 2021, the total trade in goods between the EU and Russia amounted to €257.5 billion. The EU’s imports were worth €158.5 billion and were dominated by fuel and mining products – especially mineral fuels (€98.9 billion, 62%), wood (€3.16 billion, 2.0%), iron and steel (€7.4 billion, 4.7%), and fertilisers (1.78 bn, 1.1%). The EU’s exports in 2021 totalled €99.0 billion. They were led by machinery and equipment (€19.5 billion, 19.7%), motor vehicles (€8.95 billion, 9%), pharmaceuticals (€8.1 billion, 8.1%), electrical equipment and machinery (€7.57 billion, 7.6%), and plastics (€4.38 billion, 4.3%).
• Two-way trade in services between the EU and Russia in 2020 amounted to €29.4 billion, with EU imports of services from Russia representing €8.9 billion and exports of services to Russia accounting for €20.5 billion.
• In 2019, the EU was the largest investor in Russia. The EU foreign direct investment (FDI) outward stock in Russia amounted to €311.4 billion, while Russia’s FDI stock in the EU was estimated at €136 billion.

The EU and Russia

The 1997 PCA remains the general framework for EU-Russia trade relations. Negotiations for a New EU-Russia Agreement started in 2008, but were put on hold in 2010 owing to the lack of progress in the Trade and Investment Chapter. In March 2014, the European Council suspended the negotiations due to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.

Russia’s accession to the WTO in 2012 raised the expectations that trade with Russia would benefit from sustained liberalisation. Instead, Russia has progressively put in place numerous measures favouring domestic products and services over foreign ones, and incentivising localisation of production in Russia by foreign companies.

This  import substitution policy  has been continually expanded. As a result, EU exporters have either been pushed out of the market or been obliged to relocate production to Russia. Related measures often contravene  WTO rules and cause many trade irritants. Some of these have triggered WTO dispute settlement procedures:

• The EU has filed six disputes against Russia at the WTO: on wood export restrictions (DS608; 2022), on which consultations took place in January 2022; on restrictions to procurement by state-owned enterprises (DS604; 2021), where the panel's authority lapsed on 8 March 2023; on Russia's excessive import duties (DS485; 2014) and on Russia's anti-dumping duties on light commercial vehicles (DS479; 2014) – in cases DS479 and DS485, Russia implemented the Dispute Settlement Body’s recommendations, which were favourable to the EU; on Russia's embargo on EU pig meat on the basis of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) requirements (DS475; 2014) – the authority of the compliance panel lapsed in January 2021; and on Russia's recycling fee on imported motor vehicles (DS462; 2013) – the case is currently on hold.
• Russia has also filed four disputes at the WTO against the EU: on the EU's third energy package (DS476; 2014), on gas cost-adjustment in EU anti-dumping investigations (DS474; 2013, and DS 494; 2015), and on EU anti-dumping measures on imports of certain cold-rolled flat steel products from Russia (DS 521; 2017). All four disputes are ongoing.

In July 2014, in response to Russia’s military intervention in Ukraine, the EU adopted a set of  restrictive measures  against Russia targeting four economic sectors: access to finance, arms, dual-use goods and specific technologies for oil production and exploration.

In August 2014, Russia reacted by introducing a political ban on imports of a range of EU agricultural and food products. The product scope was further extended in October 2017. More information is available  here .

In February 2022, following further military aggression in Ukraine by Russia, the EU adopted  additional sanctions  targeting the energy, transport, technology and financial sectors, as well as imposing restrictive measures on individuals.

In addition, as of 15 March, the EU, in collaboration with  the G7 countries  and other like-minded partners, stopped treating Russia as a  Most-Favoured-Nation within the WTO framework . This deprives Russia of key trade advantages as a WTO member.

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)

In 2010, Russia created a Customs Union with Kazakhstan and Belarus. This Customs Union became the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in 2015. Armenia and Kyrgyzstan joined the EAEU the same year. Russia represents almost 90% of the EAEU’s GDP.

The EAEU has legal competence in policy areas such as customs, competition, trade defence, agricultural and industrial product regulation, intellectual property rights and foreign trade. At the same time, semi-uniform EAEU technical regulations lack enforcement mechanisms and create additional barriers for trade.

The Commission maintained a technical dialogue with the executive branch of the EAEU – Eurasian Economic Commission – until Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.

Trading with Russia

Trade with Russia is heavily restricted by EU sanctions. Practical guidelines on the import and export restrictions in force can be found below. 

• EU trade defence measures on imports from Russia
• Frequently Asked Questions on export-related restrictions concerning dual-use goods and advance technology items
• Commission consolidated FAQs on the implementation of Council Regulation No 833/2014 and Council Regulation No 269/2014
• Trade defence measures in force in Russia
• Trade relations are part of the EU's overall political and economic relations with Russia
• Russia is a member of the World Trade Organization

Latest news

• 11 July 2024

Statement on export controls and restrictions against Russia.

• News article
• 3 July 2024

In the context of Russia’s ongoing unjustified war of aggression against Ukraine, the EU’s decision to deny the ECT’s protection to investments and investors from Russia and Belarus pre-emptively nullifies a potential way to challenge EU sanctions.

• 14 May 2024

Today, the European Commission has extended anti-dumping measures on imports of birch plywood from Russia to imports from Kazakhstan and Türkiye.

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The endless blue seas of Cyprus offer the perfect setting for enjoying sailing and yachting all year round, thanks to their favourable temperatures and flat waters, and a lack of pollutants. Combined with ideal wind conditions, and a stunning, rugged coastline, these factors attract both enthusiasts and professionals from all over the world.

A variety of important races and regattas also take place throughout the year for the sport of sailing, whilst leisure yachters can find community and facilities at two marinas, five ports and numerous bays.

All the relevant information for sailing on the island, along with the calendar of events, and important guidelines can be found on the website of the Cyprus Sailing Federation (CYSAF).

As the national governing body for the sport of sailing in Cyprus, CYSAF is a member of the International Sailing Federation (ISAF), and the European Sailing Federation (EUROSAF). It is the official body for the promotion of sailing in Cyprus, as well as for representing Cypriot sailing at an international level. The organization also organises championships, races and other sporting events on a Cypriot, regional or international level, and maintains a fleet of dinghies, including Women’s/ Men’s RS:X, Laser Standard, Laser Radial, Laser 4.7, Optimist, 470, Finn and Open Sea Vessels.

For more details, contact:

• The Official Portal of Cyprus Tourism
• Professionals

Deputy Ministry of Tourism

E: [email protected]

T: (+357) 22691100

F: (+357) 22331644     (+357) 22334696

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